Leadership Traits free essay sample

The words leader and leadership often times are confusing to lots of people. A leader is a person while leadership is an action or process a leader performs. The words managers and leaders can be used as a substitute for each other. A manager usually hold an authoritarian position in an organization where they perform leadership skills for managerial purposes. A leader in an organization works as an manager and administrator of tasks in a business. A leader is also responsible for professional output of their subordinates. Leadership is a complicated hum conduct (Anonymous, 2013). It can be considered in a number of ways. If one aims to become a successful leader, one must focus on the many leadership types and theories. An effective leader is devoted to develop positive values, achieving goals, creating trust and energizing and inspiring their followers (Anonymous, 2013). According to (Hughes, Ginnett Curphy, 2012), leadership can be defined as the process of inspiring a structured team to the achievements of its aims. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Traits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, leaders come with intrinsic leadership skills. An effective leader should be capable to take decisions and give firm instructions. Leadership means the capacity to adjust a situation in a way the all the contributors feel fairly treated and authorized to help solve the problems productively (Smith, 2012). Leadership trait theory concentrates on a leaders principals and morals, character, direction to authority, gender, need for accomplishments and recognition, self-assurance and physical, psychological and sentimental traits. Previously, leadership trait theory presumed that individuals have specific intrinsic traits and traits associated with leadership. Most individuals thought that having the required traits would help them become the most effective leaders. Studies recently have found out that having specific intrinsic traits does not warrant leadership effectiveness. A promising leader most possess determination, ambition, sincerity, thinking ability, self-assurance and knowledge about the company. Business leaders must have some particular traits that would bring success and development of an organization. Learning the common traits of leaders is essential as acquiring the qualities that characterizes an effective leader is an indispensable tool for the success of an organization. Determination- is an extremely precious trait in a leader and consists of various concepts. It is comprised of greater need for accomplishment, consistent struggle for betterment, drive, intensity, persistence, perseverance and instigation (Bateman Snell, 2009). Both the organization and leader gains greatly from this quality, but can bring harmful effects as well. When a leader shows extreme ambition and determination, they do not entrust others with constructive responsibility and creativity suffers in turn. Leadership motivation- is also a vital trait the leaders must hold. It infuses creativity in the company as employees are driven by high motivation. This trait also provides that an effective leader must have strong drive and a determination to command. If this trait is combined with high moral values, the resulting behavior can infuse respect, faith and devotion to the leaders (Bateman Snell, 2009). Integrity- is one of the most esteemed traits of effective leaders. A leader portraying integrity will instigate confidence from followers (Bateman Snell, 2009). It is imperative for a leader to show sincerity, honesty and dependability and such a trait is extremely valuable in a business setting. Self-confidence- is a decisive trait for business leaders. Business leaders normally face hundreds of tasks daily to test their mettle. They face a number of challenging responsibilities and tensions everyday and therefore, self-confidence is extremely essential to help the leader deal with his work effectively, no matter in which business he works (Bateman Snell, 2009). Self-confidence is an important leadership trait but arrogance must not overshadow a persons true confidence. Knowledge of the business- is a trait all the leaders require to move up the ladder of success in their selected business. Successful leaders possess a strong insight about their organizations, industries and processes and they are well-equipped with the skills that help them evaluate and make use of their insight daily (Bateman Snell, 2009). A strong insight about business is imperative to accomplish tasks and challenges that arise daily. All these leadership traits are vital to become an effective leader in any industry and all leader show possess these traits to be dynamic. According to (Hughes, Ginnet Curphy, 2012), typical behavior prototypes can be classified by using the general personality types. Such a behavior is normally the introvert-extrovert, awareness-instinct, and cognitive-sensing and assessing-discerning personality dynamics. The importance of productive and sensible leadership intelligence is increasing. The intelligence can be distributed in three parts: The logical intelligence, functional intelligence and productive intelligence. Many studies provide that leaders enjoy a greater degree of logical intelligence than the normal public (Hughes, Ginnet Curphy, 2012). The functional and productive leadership intelligence is also gaining increased importance. The functional intelligence or the insight into a persons job is becoming a vital tool for todays leaders. Those leaders having greater degree of functional intelligence are proving to be effective problem-solvers under straining conditions (Hughes, Ginnet Curphy, 2012). About the logical intelligence, it provides that leaders impart better solutions to the problems and are sharper than the rest. They normally benefit greater from their experience. The emotional intelligence is a recent notion. This type of intelligence deals with the insight and reaction to personal and group emotions. Also, emotional intelligence has played a vital part in determining the role of emotions and feelings in effective leadership (Hughes, Ginnett Curphy, 2012). In my opinion, the two vital leadership theories that can assist in developing effective leaders are determination and motivation. Being executives of a company, we should possess the determination and motivation to enhance the output and fulfillment of our employees. Motivation plays an important role in the output of our employees. Having the responsibility to lead them, we must be capable to motivate our employees to deliver the best of their abilities. If we become successful in motivating employees, we can have an effective creative team (Hughes, Ginnet Curphy, 2012). References: Anonymous (2013). Leadership Traits. Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/sba/traits.htm Ganly, Sarah, (2010). Traits of Successful Leaders in Business. Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/traits-successful-leaders-business-5853366.html?cat=3 Hughes, R., Ginnett, R., Curphy, G. (2012). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Smith, Steven, (2013). What is Leadership? Retrieved from http://stevenmsmith.com/what-is-leadership

Aluminum or Aluminium Alloys - List

Aluminum or Aluminium Alloys - List An aluminum alloy is a composition consisting mainly of aluminum to which other elements have been added. The alloy is made by mixing together the elements when aluminum is molten (liquid), which cools to form a homogeneous solid solution. The other elements may make up as much as 15 percent of the alloy by mass. Added elements include iron, copper, magnesium, silicon, and zinc. The addition of elements to the aluminum gives the alloy improved strength, workability, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and/or density, compared with the pure metallic element. Aluminum alloys tend to be lightweight and corrosion resistant. List of Aluminum Alloys This is a list of some important aluminum or aluminium alloys. AA-8000: used for building wire per the National Electrical CodeAlclad: aluminum sheet made by bonding high-purity aluminum to a high strength core materialAl-Li (lithium, sometimes mercury)Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper)Birmabright (aluminum, magnesium)Duralumin (copper, aluminum)Hindalium (aluminum, magnesium, manganese, silicon)Magnalium (5% magnesium)Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum)Nambe (aluminum plus seven other unspecified metals)Silumin (aluminum, silicon)Titanal (aluminum, zinc, magnesium, copper, zirconium)Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper)Aluminum forms other complex alloys with magnesium, manganese, and platinum Identifying Aluminum Alloys Alloys have common names, but they may be identified using a four-digit number. The first digit of the number identifies the class or series of alloy. 1xxx - Commercially pure aluminum also has a four-digit numerical identifier. Series 1xxx alloys are made of 99 percent or higher purity aluminum. 2xxx - The principal alloying element in the 2xxx series is copper. Heat treating these alloys improves their strength. These alloys are strong and tough, but not as corrosion resistant as other aluminum alloys, so they are usually painted or coated for use. The most common aircraft alloy is 2024. Alloy 2024-T351 is among the hardest of the aluminum alloys. 3xxx - The main alloying element in this series is manganese, usually with a smaller amount of magnesium. The most popular alloy from this series is 3003, which is workable and moderately strong. 3003 is used to make cooking utensils. Alloy 3004 is one of the alloys used to make aluminum cans for beverages. 4xxx - Silicon is added to aluminum to make 4xxx alloys. This lowers the melting point of the metal without making it brittle. This series is used to make welding wire. Alloy 4043 is used to make filler alloys for welding cars and structural elements. 5xxx - The principal alloying element in the 5xxx series is magnesium. These alloys are strong, weldable, and resist marine corrosion. The 5xxx alloys are used to make pressure vessels and storage tanks and for various marine applications. Alloy 5182 is used to make the lid of aluminum beverage cans. So, aluminum cans actually consist of at least two alloys! 6xxx - Silicon and magnesium are present in 6xxx alloys. The elements combine to form magnesium silicide. These alloys are formable, weldable, and heat treatable. They have good corrosion resistance and moderate strength. The most common alloy in this series is 6061, which is used to make truck and boat frames. Extrusion products from the 6xxx series are used in architecture and to make the iPhone 6. 7xxx - Zinc is the principal alloying element in the series starting with the number 7. The resulting alloy is heat-treatable and very strong. Important alloys are 7050 and 7075, both used to construct aircraft. 8xxx s include 8500, 8510, and 8520. 9xxx - Presently, the series starting with the number 9 is unused. What Is the Strongest Aluminum Alloy? Manganese added to aluminum increases its strength and yields an alloy with excellent workability and corrosion resistance. The highest strength alloy in the non-heat-treatable grade is alloy 5052. Aluminum Alloy Classification In general, the two broad categories of aluminum alloys are wrought alloys and casting alloys. Both of these groups are subdivided into heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable types. Around 85% of aluminum is used in wrought alloys. Cast alloys are relatively inexpensive to produce because of their low melting point, but they tend to have lower tensile strengths than their wrought counterparts. Sources Davis, J.R. (2001). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. Alloying: Understanding the Basics. pp. 351–416.Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 133. ISBN 0-471-65653-4.Kaufman, John Gilbert (2000). Applications for Aluminium Alloys and Tempers. Introduction to aluminum alloys and tempers. ASM International. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-0-87170-689-8.

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Employment Law - Essay Example faced by UK companies who are down sizing and may find it difficult to lay off employees, especially those that are disabled or belong to a minority race. This Report will also briefly examine the rights of employees under the new TUPE regulations. [1]. The changing business scenario within the U.K. poses several challenges, especially for those businesses that function within the hospitality sector. The airline industry in particular has been adversely affected by the threats posed by terrorist activity, as a result many of the larger carriers are resorting to the launch of budget airlines to offset costs, for example GO Airlines which is an offshoot of British Airways, Other budget, â€Å"no frills† airlines functioning within the UK are Ryan Air and Easy Jet airlines, which have been able to attract their fair share of travelers by offering cut throat low fares. The larger airlines however, have faced large scale losses as a result of which employee lay offs and/or mergers with other companies are more common now than before. Moreover, several airline companies are also sub contracting their services, for example catering, ticketing etc in order to reduce expenses and the position of independent contractors under UK law al so becomes relevant. Other issues that also arise in the context of the airline industry are issues of outsourcing some services or entering into mergers with other companies for some services and this could evoke the provisions of the TUPE Regulations within the UK that spell out the manner in which employee transfers are to take place through mergers.

Is the U.S. seeking to contain China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is the U.S. seeking to contain China - Essay Example China is believed to be aggressive and power hungry. Over the years it has built-up its military force and deployed them massively in the region. Such moves are seen as a threat to the security and stability of the region and a deliberate attempt by china to assert its power over its neighbours. This action prompted the U.S to construct an off shore alliance with other military forces in the eastern and southern borders of China such as Japan and South Korea. The U.S also formed the SEATO and ANZUS treaties which linked up countries such as Thailand, Philippines, Australia and New Zealand as its allies in the period between 1949 and 1969. It maintained military bases in these regions and also went to the extent of encouraging them to refrain from entering into diplomatic ties with china. However, over the years the Chinese have managed to create a coalition with some of its neighbours who are dedicated to containing Chinese power. Notably these coalition partners include South Korea, Vietnam and the Philippines all of whom previously were U.S allies. This in some circles can be viewed as a deliberate move by the Chinese government to move into the territory previously occupied by the Americans. Such moves are further fuelling tensions of the intentions of such a quest for power and dominance by China. Furthermore, the Chinese constant threats to Japan over the island dispute amid the already heightened tensions created by its military forces are not helping the situation. These islands called Diaoyo by the Chinese and Senkaku by the Japanese has ushered in a new rise to probable aggressions and security instability especially considering Chinas firm stand on the subject. These threats to Japan further escalated when the Chines targeted a Japanese ship with its weapon s radar, a situation that did not go unmentioned when Japans prime minister issued a stern response terming that move as dangerous. An article that appeared in Chinas Daily, by Wang Xiaoxuan, confirmed that the territorial disputes were dangerous and needed prompt action from both parties. China has also been highly vocal criticizing the U.S. and its activities in the region. In 2009,

Market efficiency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market efficiency - Assignment Example Private market efficiency refers to the measure of access to information that market players can use to maximize their gains on investment at a minimum transaction cost (Jarrow & Larsson , 2011). Market efficiency widely known as the Efficient market Hypothesis (EMH) and introduced by Eugene Fama in 1970 stresses that market prices is a reflection of all the available information to the investors regarding a particular stock at a particular time of trading. According to Fama‘s interpretation of an efficient market is a situation were no individual investor has an advantage over others in predicting excess returns on securities above the existing market price (Jayasuriya, 2008). This claim is based on the premise that at any given time no one will have information over and above what is available to other players. The information necessary to make judgment is often readily available to all players at the time of trading and for this reason no individual player can beat the marke t. Valuation of investment is the main determinant of whether a market is efficient or not and where the inefficiencies are evident. An efficient market can be determined through market prices considering that it is only estimate for measuring deviation from true value (â€Å"Market Efficiency†, 2011). This is because an inefficient market will only be determined by market price deviation from the true value. Efficient market must be supported by a number of conditions most of which revolved around valuation and information availability for it to take place. The is means that information and market prices are integral components of market efficiencies consider that investors make investment strategies based on the information they have assuming that at a given time traded assets(s) are under or overvalued (Yang & Leatham, 1998). The market prices in an efficient market are often unbiased estimate of the asset’s true value and they are expected to shift randomly dependi ng on the behavior of the investors. Investors play a significant role in bringing efficiency in private markets considering their diverse reaction to available information. A number of conditions need to take place in the private market place in order for efficiency to be achieved. In other words, market efficiency does not happen automatically as certain forces drive it. The first condition is the existence of profit maximization investors (â€Å"Market Efficiency†, 2011). Investors will always try to take advantage of every opportunity that comes their way to make profits. This is often based on the perception of the investors that the market is inefficient and one can leverage on the inefficiencies to beat the market. In other words, the investors must recognize the potential for bigger returns, replicate their beat the market strategies and invest their resources repeatedly until the end of inefficiency (Lee, etal, 2009). The more the investors continue to actively parti cipate in trading activities the more likely they create market efficiency. For instance continuous sale and purchase of stocks will always have a double edged impact considering that market prices can be pushed above or below fair value at every point in time. This makes it very difficult a single or a group of investors to predict the existing undervalued stocks irrespective of the applied investment strategy. The timing and nature of the information available to the investors is also another important condition for achieving market efficiency. Information availability is an integral part of market efficiency considering that an efficient market is defined based on the kind of information that is reflected on the price and available to the investors. Take for instance a strong form efficiency which is exudes that under such a circumstance an investor with insider information will not be able to make excess gains over other because the market prices reflects all the information bot h private and public. It is noteworthy that market efficiency

Essential Aspects of Pantomime

Essential Aspects of Pantomime What were the essential aspects of pantomime and how have they come down to us in the present day? Although it is currently most commonly seen as a peculiarly British pastime, pantomime in fact has its origins in the medieval period of European history (Lathan, 2004). Specifically in terms of tradition and heritage, pantomime as it is known today emanates from Italy and the Commedia ‘dell Arte. This Italian street festival was akin to a carnival and it managed to combine elements of parody, drama and the aesthetically grotesque in order to create a unique fusion of art and farce. The characters tended to improvise their way through a set of well‑known plots, which involved a great deal of song and dance being integrated into the Commedia ‘dell Arte routine. These medieval festivals travelled through the towns and cities of Italy and then France in the Middle Ages, which helped to create an air of familiarity between the performers and the audience who would take part in the show. This is without a doubt the most significant tradition that has survived through to the modern era whereby the audiences of contemporary pantomime are expected to know the plot and the main characters and to take part in the proceedings at designated intervals within the script. As the quotation below suggests, this marriage between the performers and the audience has been an essential part of the longevity of the pantomime because of the way in which it managed to transcend historical divisions between classes. â€Å"All were considered equal during carnival. Here, in the town square, a special form of free and familiar contact reigned among people who were usually divided by the barriers of caste, property, profession, and age.† (Bakhtin, 1993:10) The existence of a stock set of characters and plots is likewise a historical tradition of European festivals that have managed to survive in the guise of the pantomime. There are only a handful of productions that are classed as pantomime in the modern era and these productions are almost always played exclusively during the festive Christmas period, which is another connection to its carnival past. ‘Snow White’, ‘Cinderella’, ‘Aladdin’, ‘Dick Whittington’ and ‘Babes in the Wood’ are high profile examples of the pantomime titles that are produced each and every year in the UK. This deep-seated sense of repetition is an important part of the pantomime tradition as it continues the dominant theme of the medieval period, which was to breed familiarity in order to secure the participation of the audience in the plot of the play. â€Å"Magic, romance, suspense and comedy are the lifeblood of most theatre performance, but there is one factor of our pantomime tradition that exists in no other theatre production. The audience has learnt its lines and rehearsing its roles every Christmas since early childhood. Every English speaking person knows that ‘Oh No, its not!’ should be answered with ‘Oh Yes, it is!’ And that villains must be booed and hissed as they lay their evil plots.† (Bicat et al, 2004:9) Furthermore, these well‑know stories that constitute the foundations of the pantomime tradition all have their roots in fairy tales, which helps to further simplify the plot and aid audience participation. Traditionally, pantomimes require a battle between good and evil. The villain has historically always been the first actor to appear on stage and always to the left, which was used to donate hell in the Middle Ages. Conversely, the hero is supposed to appear on stage from the right – the manifestation of heaven in the past. Although the remainder of the pantomime production tends to descend into farce and improvisation, these central precepts remain an integral part of the festival in the modern era with plays overseeing a duel of good versus evil before inexorably concluding with the ultimate triumph of the hero over the villain. As time passed, pantomime was inevitably influenced by the evolution of mainstream theatre and it gradually took its place as an annual spectacle to operate alongside regular theatre productions. The two (theatre and pantomime) were especially closely linked during the Restoration period (1660‑1700) when the farce of pantomime was facsimiled in the most popular plays of the age. In the process, pantomime has had to move away from the notion of an almost entirely ad hoc, ad lib production into a more formal, organised play that is able to be divided into visible scenes and segments with a running time that is in line with the lifestyles of the contemporary audience. Thus, while it is correct to underscore the inherent differences between the festive, annual element of pantomime and the intrinsically more philosophical components of mainstream and high‑brow drama, there is no longer a sense that two completely different sets of rules apply. This is an important point and one that is all too often overlooked in the analysis of modern day incarnations of the pantomime. The most pronounced change prevalent in contemporary versions of traditional pantomime resides is the way in which productions are increasingly linked with young children. Whereas the adult section of the local townspeople would have constituted the overwhelming majority of the audience in previous centuries, there is today an association between the infantile and pantomime that is a central reason as to why pantomimes have been able to survive for so long in such a commercially aggressive contemporary economic climate. Without the active participation of children it is doubtful whether pantomimes would be able to entice the requisite audiences necessary to make a profit for the impresarios. Of much greater importance, without the festive childhood memories that pantomime bequeaths, much of the interest that remains in its tradition would more than likely begin to disappear. One thing is, however, for sure. Though pantomimes remain rooted in their medieval past, they will never lose their relevance to the contemporary audience as the list of modern‑day celebrities who have taken part in productions in recent years underscores. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bakhtin, M. (Translated by Helene Iswolsky) (1993) Rabelais and His World Bloomington: Indiana University Press Bicat, T., Staines, R. and Winslow, C. (2004) Pantomime: A Practical Guide Marlborough: The Crowood Press Frow, G. (1985) Oh Yes it is! : A History of Pantomime London: BBC Books Lathan, P. (2004) It’s Behind You! The Story of Panto London: New Holland Wilson, A.E. (1974) The Story of Pantomime London: Rowman Littlefield

Ferdinand Magellan :: essays research papers

Ferdinand Magellan was bornabout 1480 in Sabrosa of a noble Portuguese family. His parents, who were members of nobility, died when he was about10 years old. At the age of 12, Magellan became a page to Queen Leanor at the royal court. Such a position commonly served as a means of education for sons of the Portuguese nobility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the court, Magellan learned about the voyages of such explorers as Christopher Columbus of Italy and Vasco da Gama of Portugal. He also learned the fundamentalsof navigation. In 1496, Magellan was promoted to rank of squire and became a clerk in the marine department. There, he helped outfit ships for trade along the west coast of Arfica.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magellan first went into sea in 1505, when he sailed to India with the fleet of Francisco Almeida, Portugal’s first ruler to that country. In 1506, Magellan went on an expedition sent by Almeida to the east coast of Africa to strengthen Portuguese bases there. The next year, he returned to India, where he participated in trade and in several naval battles against Turkish fleets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1509, Magellan sailed with a Portuguese fleet to Malaka, a commercial center in what is now Malaysia. The Malays attacked the Portuguese who went to shore, and Magellan helped rescue his comrades. In 1511, he took part in an expedition that conquered Malaka. After this victory, a Portuguese fleet sailed farther to the Spice Islands which were called the Molucca Islands. Portugal claimed the islands at this time. Magellan’s close personal friend Francisco Serraro went along on the voyage to the Spice Islands and wrote to Magellan, describing the route and the island of Ternate. Serrao’s letters helped establish in Magellan’s mind the location of the Spice Islands, which later became the destination of his great voyage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magellan returned to Portugal in1513. He then joined a military expedition to Morocco. On this expedition, Magellan would suffer a wound that would make him limp for the rest of his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After returning to Portugal from Morocco, Magellan sought the support of King Manuel 1 for a voyage to the Spice Islands. The best maps available had convinced Magellan that he could reach the Spice Islands by sailing south of South America. Magellan beleived such a route would be shorter than the eastward voyage around the southern tip of Africa and across the Indian Ocean. However, Manuel disliked Magellan and refused to support the proposed voyage.

Philippine National Hero, Jose Rizal Essay

This film pictures events and unknown facts about the life of the Philippine National Hero, Jose Rizal. When I am watching the film I understand the story clearer than reading it, the scenes played in the film made my mind and vision clearer. They’ve explain the life of Rizal clearly even though some information is not that important but still they are saying it for the student’s or the viewer can understand more the life of Rizal. In watching the films I’ve realize the things that a man can do. The film started from Rizal telling what had been his life as a young boy was. Unlike any boy, Rizal came from a rich family which can be considered as principalia. His parents were considered to be a good example in their own ways. He had a big family with 10 siblings, nine sisters and one brother named Ponciano. Rizal was describe as a young boy whose eagerness to learn was of undeniable. At his young age of nine, he was asked to live in manila to study. He took entrance examinations and finally schooled at prestigious campuses in Manila by that time. He studied first at Ateneo de Manila University then continue it at University of Sto. Thomas. Rizal also continued his studies abroad and he was able to visit many countries. Rizal demonstrated great talent in literature, philosophy and also in arts. He received awards in some contests that he joined and successfully won the major ones at times. As a student, I can say that Rizal was very hard working and dedicated. He was an engineer, sculptor, painter, ophthalmologist and a writer. I can’t believe that a man can be that good, a man can do many things, and a man can defend his own country. He will not achieve all of that without his friends, of course.

SENCO duties away from the classroom Essay Example

SENCO duties away from the classroom Essay Example SENCO duties away from the classroom Essay SENCO duties away from the classroom Essay During my ESE the class was covered by a supply teacher every Friday morning allowing the class teacher time to carry out her SENCO duties away from the classroom. I observed that each time the children were taught by the supply teacher they behaved extremely badly and did very little work. Even children that were normally quiet in class saw this time as an opportunity to become boisterous. The teaching style of the replacement teacher differed greatly from the class teacher. The supply teacher was softly spoken, gentle when giving instructions, and did not carry out punishment threats; for example taking time away from the children’s play time for bad behaviour. I noted that although the usual class teacher might be viewed by some as strict and authorative, this was in fact what the children craved and they did not work as well when this structure was removed. Pollard and Tann (1993) observed, when asked about their ‘best’ teachers, a majority of junior age pupils chose fairness and consistency as the chief qualities. (p.164) An effective teacher will have numerous strategies for controlling the children’s behaviour, however for these to work it is important for the teacher to know each child individually. Some children respond well to hand signals, or facial expressions. Some will not understand these subtleties and will need verbal reminders. By understanding each child, an effective teacher will control behaviour more effectively. I witnessed an example of this during my time in school. The teacher asked 5 of the most disruptive children to draw a picture on a small card of something that represented good behaviour to them. She then laminated the cards and the 5 held them at carpet time and had them on the table during work sessions. When the behaviour of any of these children became unacceptable, the class teacher would say; ‘look at your card’. For two of the children this simple idea worked extremely well and their behaviour improved dramatically. The other three folded, chewed and lost their cards and were not interested in what the significance was. Some methods that work for visual learners may not be as successful with kinaesthetic ones. A good teacher will understand the differences. It is extremely important that the teacher uses all knowledge they have about a child effectively and to the child’s benefit. An effective teacher will be aware of the child’s cultural and religious background and will pay particular attention to any specific needs. This is also the case for children with special educational needs. By being interested and informed, the effective teacher will successfully manage the class to it’s maximum learning potential. In my recent ESE I experienced such a case; Wiktoria is a Polish girl who had very little speaking English and naturally struggled with class work. I noticed that she was not labelled as ‘low ability’ simply because she did not understand the language. She was given support from the TA and oftencame up with correct answers before the english speaking children. She was extremely able and just needed extra assistance as she leant the language. In some schools she may have been automatically placed at the lower end of the abilty range; however this was not what was required and the class teacher had realised this and acted accordingly. Of course it is understandable that in a class of thirty children, issues such as these will occasionally be missed. But if left, children such as Wiktoria could become frustrated at their inabilty to understand and follow the other children, resulting in behavioural problems. The class teacher informed me that Wikoria had been transferred from another local school where she had been considered ‘a problem’. During my three week placemnent, I saw no sign of any behavioural issues with Wiktoria, mainly because she was handled extremely effectively by the class teacher. It is important that children are viewed as individuals with different needs and not left unmotivated as this can result in bad behaviour. An effective teacher will encourage discussion and contribution and ban the children from mocking or laughing at incorrect answers. An effective classroom is one where pupils learn, and all staff help them to do so without spending too much of their time managing problem or difficult behaviour. The Elton Report on Behaviour Management, comissioned in 1989 states; Everybody involved in the planning, delivery and evaluation of the curriculum should recognise that the quality of teaching and learning has a significant impact on pupils behaviour. An effective teacher is one with a variety of teaching skills and a flexibility to implement them whenever they are required. By creating a positive and stableclassroom environment with rules and boundaries, the children will be able to express themselves and work to the best of their abilty. It is essential that children feel respected and included and a good teacher will realise the importance of high self esteem among his/her class. I have studied a wide range of skills that I feel make up an effective teacher, three of which I have discussed during this essay. I am aware that in order to develop my strength in these areas I will need to practice and apply the skills within a school environment and I am looking forward to doing this later in the year. The successful combination of personal attributes and practical knowledge that combine to make a successful teacher is a mix that I hope to achieve through hard work and keen observation.

Free Essays on Differential Association

The Theory of Differential Association and Gangs Theory is a systematic explanation of a phenomenon; it organizes known facts and allows us to predict new facts, and permits us to exercise a degree of control over the phenomenon. One important theory was first offered nearly three-quarters of a century ago by Edwin Sutherland, the theory of differential association. Edwin H. Sutherland was born August 13, 1883 in Gibbon, Nebraska and died in 1950. He studied in Ottawa, Kansas and Grand Island, Nebraska. In 1904 he received the B.A. degree from Grand Island College and in 1906 he entered graduate school at the University of Chicago from which he received his doctorate (FSU). There he changed his major from history to sociology. The University of Chicago?s approach to the study of crime emphasized that human behavior was determined by social and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic or personal characteristics. (FSU). Differential Association theory was Sutherland?s major sociological contribution to criminology. Sutherland argued that people become criminal if they are exposed to statements, which express approval of crime more often than disapproval. Statements approving crime will vary in their power to influence depending on the status and the importance of the person who spoke them, and the age of the listener. This approach explains deviant behavior as a result of family and friendship influences. The theory of Differential Association states that deviant behavior is largely the result of associating with other persons whose behavior is deviant. According to this theory, the greater the degree of association, the greater the likelihood that the behavior will be deviant. In this theory, Sutherland sought to show that deviance was a function of such factors as the frequency and intensity of associations, how long they lasted, and how early they occurred in a person?s life. As an example, the corporate ... Free Essays on Differential Association Free Essays on Differential Association Objective 1: Assess Southland's "differential association" theory in relation to professional thieves specializing in the robbery of drug stores. Some social and criminal behavior is learned from interaction with others or associations. Human behavior is influenced and determined by social and environmental factors. Almost everything we are has been learned. Criminal activities are learned in much the same way as law-abiding ones. Variations in belief and conduct are learned rather than genetically inherited. We are socialized and brought up by society and its norms and values. We are molded to a large extent by society. What is common sense and normal behavior to one society may not be relative to another society. What is one persons common sense may be somebody else's nonsense. What is conforms to normal in one society may be regarded as deviant outside of it. By associating with deviant people criminal behavior, motive and technique are learned. Criminal behavior is not inherited. A crime can not be committed with out being trained or influenced by other members of a criminal crew. A professional thief would be trained by those who are already professionals. The learning would include the technique of how to commit the crime and what the motive is for committing the crime. The principles of "differential association" are that society has definitions favorable to following the laws that govern society.. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to the violation of law over definitions favorable to following the laws that govern society. Modern societies have many different subcultures, and behavior that conforms to the norms of a particular sub cultural setting may be regarded as deviant outside it. Professional thieves have the same needs as law abiding people but they choose illegal methods over legal methods. A professional thief specializing in the robbery of a drug store would work wit... Free Essays on Differential Association The Theory of Differential Association and Gangs Theory is a systematic explanation of a phenomenon; it organizes known facts and allows us to predict new facts, and permits us to exercise a degree of control over the phenomenon. One important theory was first offered nearly three-quarters of a century ago by Edwin Sutherland, the theory of differential association. Edwin H. Sutherland was born August 13, 1883 in Gibbon, Nebraska and died in 1950. He studied in Ottawa, Kansas and Grand Island, Nebraska. In 1904 he received the B.A. degree from Grand Island College and in 1906 he entered graduate school at the University of Chicago from which he received his doctorate (FSU). There he changed his major from history to sociology. The University of Chicago?s approach to the study of crime emphasized that human behavior was determined by social and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic or personal characteristics. (FSU). Differential Association theory was Sutherland?s major sociological contribution to criminology. Sutherland argued that people become criminal if they are exposed to statements, which express approval of crime more often than disapproval. Statements approving crime will vary in their power to influence depending on the status and the importance of the person who spoke them, and the age of the listener. This approach explains deviant behavior as a result of family and friendship influences. The theory of Differential Association states that deviant behavior is largely the result of associating with other persons whose behavior is deviant. According to this theory, the greater the degree of association, the greater the likelihood that the behavior will be deviant. In this theory, Sutherland sought to show that deviance was a function of such factors as the frequency and intensity of associations, how long they lasted, and how early they occurred in a person?s life. As an example, the corporate ...

Human resource development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human resource development - Assignment Example Human resource development (HRD) serves the requirement of an organization to provide employees with latest knowledge. Present business environment needs HRD not merely to assist the business strategies but to form the business strategies. Present business environment needs HRD not merely to assist the business strategies but to form the business strategies. HRD plays a strategic part by assuring the proficiency of employees to fulfil the company’s performance needs. The formation of strategies is vital in the corporate performance for almost every successful organisation (Torraco & Swanson, 1995). The report will describe the major components of implementing HRD in a medium-sized service company named ABC Ltd. as well as the conditions that facilitate the implementation of HRD. Components of HRD In the HRD system of ABC Ltd. there will be three major components which are training, education and development. Pareek and Rao (2006) had reformed the components of integrated HRD o f an organization. He described ‘HRD as a process’, rather than set of methods and practices (Pareek & Rao, 2006). In the HRD system of ABC Ltd. there will be three major components which are training, education and development. Pareek and Rao (2006) had reformed the components of integrated HRD of an organization. He described ‘HRD as a process’, rather than set of methods and practices (Pareek & Rao, 2006). Based on his point of view the strategically integrated HRD system will include: Performance appraisal Feedback and performance education Training and development Career planning Worker welfare and working condition Compensation and rewards Organizational and system development Human Resource Information (Jain, 1996) All these instruments are used to instigate, facilitate and encourage the HRD procedure in an incessant approach. The compensation, worker welfare and good working conditions are fundamental components of HRD to ensure a friendly atmospher e in an organization for implementation of strategic HRD. Performance appraisal, training and development, career planning and feedback are motivator components of strategic HRD which help to make the strategic HRD to become successful. The fundamental components of HRD might not assist in the success of HRD but absence of these components can adversely impact on the development plan (Kandula, 2004). Training Cycle (Systematic Approach) Training is a logical improvement of the knowledge, proficiency and approach which is needed by an individual to carry out effectively a given task. The purpose of training is to improve the capabilities of the individual and to fulfil present and future manpower requirements of the company. The systematic approach to training is a kind of tactic for managing training programs. It is an organized reasonable approach to make people understand what is needed from them in a task or profession. The systematic approach of training guarantees that employee s are ready for their jobs by possessing requisite knowledge, talents and approaches (Dhawan, n.d.). For conducting training in ABC Ltd. there are several phases which are described below: Source: (UNODC, 2011). Step 1: Organization’s Objectives: Firstly, the objectives of the organization and needs and the methods by which the organization’s objectives will be fulfilled is recognized by a variety of jobs which the organization provides. Step 2: Investigating Training Needs: The training requirement of ABC Ltd. will be identified after establishing the organizational objectives. If the training needs are not identified then the training will be unable to achieve its desired objectives. For identification of the training needs the following things could be done: Examine the knowledge, talent, and performance which are needed for the job in the organization

Descartes and God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Descartes and God - Essay Example Relying on the principle of clarity and distinctness, he argued that there were two things he could be sure about: the existence of himself and God. Being a devout Catholic, he wanted to make a contribution to understanding of Christianity. So in the opening statement to Meditations, Descartes claimed that there were two driving issues behind this work: proving the existence of God and the immortality of the soul through natural reason (Burnham and Fieser 2006). In fact, the necessary existence of God was the absolute truth for Descartes, perceived by him at the intuition level. Yet, he realized that it was necessary to provide clear logical arguments of this existence. Descartes provided three principal arguments of the existence of God: the causal, cosmological and ontological ones. The causal argument is most fully represented in Meditation III, it can also be found in the Discourse (Part I) and in the Principles (Part I  §Ã‚ § 17-18). Descartes distinguishes between the formal reality of an idea (its actual existence and degree of perfection as a mode of mind) and its objective reality (the degree of perfection it has with consideration of its content). Further the philosopher recognizes three degrees of perfection based on the capacity of a thing for an independent existence. God, being an infinite substance depending on nothing, is viewed as the highest degree of perfection. An individual body or mind (finite substances depending on God alone) is given the next degree. A property of a substance, that is a mode depending on the substance for existence, is considered as being of the lowest degree. Descartes states that â€Å"it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause†. Thus there should be as much formal reality in the cause of an idea as there is objective reality in the